Yintoni i-cystoscope?

I-cystoscope sisixhobo esikhethekileyo se-endoscopic esisetyenziselwa ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo i-urethra kunye ne-bladder ukuxilongwa kunye nonyango. Ifakwe ngokuvuleka kwe-urethral, ​​i-cystoscope ithwala ukukhanya kunye nokuba yi-fiber-optic bundles okanye i-sensor yedijithali ukubuyisela imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu. Ngokubonelela ngeembono zexesha langempela le-mucosa, izilonda, kunye nezixhobo ezingaphakathi kwe-urinary tract ephantsi, i-cystoscope yenza i-biopsies ejoliswe kuyo, ukubuyiswa kwamatye, ukuxhaswa kwe-tumor resection, kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-stent-ngokuqhelekileyo kwiseshoni efanayo-ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki, ukunciphisa iindlela zeklinikhi, kunye nokuphucula iziphumo.

Kutheni iCystoscope ibalulekile kwiUrology yanamhlanje

Xa izigulane zikhona nge-hematuria, ukusuleleka ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iimpawu ze-urinary eziphantsi, iintlungu ze-pelvic ezingachazwanga, okanye imbali yomhlaza wesinyi, isantya kunye nokuchaneka kubalulekile. Imifanekiso efana ne-ultrasound kunye ne-CT inokucebisa ukungaqhelekanga, kodwa ayinakuthatha indawo yokujonga ngokuthe ngqo i-cystoscope ebonelela ngayo. I-Cystoscopy icacisa ukuba isithunzi sisilonda okanye i-fold, nokuba ilitye lifakwe okanye lihamba, nokuba i-stricture ifutshane, i-ring-like, okanye icandelo elide. Oku kuthembeka kuqhuba isiteji esichanekileyo, unyango olufanelekileyo, kunye nokulandelela okusebenzayo.

• Ukubona ngokuthe ngqo kuphucula ukuqiniseka kokuxilonga kunye nokukhokela ungenelelo olukhawulezileyo.

• Ukuxilongwa okudibeneyo kunye nonyango kwintlanganiso enye kunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-anesthesia.

• Amaxwebhu exesha langempela axhasa unxibelelwano lweqela, ukufundisa, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho.
  
  

Imbali emfutshane yeCystoscope

Oovulindlela benkulungwane ye-19 babonisa ukuba ukukhanya neelensi zinokwenza umjelo womchamo ubonakale, nangona izixhobo zangaphambili zaziqinile, zinkulu yaye zimfiliba. I-fiber optics yenkulungwane yama-20 iphucule ukukhanya kunye nokuguquguquka, okwenza ukuba i-cystoscopy esekelwe kwiofisi. Ukwamkelwa kwee-sensor zedijithali ze-chip-on-tip kwazisa imifanekiso ecacileyo ephezulu, ukusebenza okungcono kokukhanya okuphantsi, kunye nokurekhoda okuthembekileyo. Kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cystoscopes okukodwa kwandisiwe ukhetho lolawulo losulelo kunye notshintsho olukhawulezayo kwiisetingi zokuphuma okuphezulu.

• Ixesha le-Fiber-optic: iinyanda ezihambelanayo zazithwala imifanekiso zisiya kumzi wamehlo kodwa zazityekele ekubeni "namachaphaza amnyama" ukusuka ekuqhekekeni kwefayibha.

• Ixesha levidiyo yedijithali: i-distal CMOS sensors ibonelelwe nge-HD, ukuthembeka kombala, kunye nokurekhoda okulula koqeqesho kunye ne-QA.

• Iindlela ezilahlwayo: amanyathelo okuhlaziya apheliswe ngeendleko zetyala elisetyenziswa kwimeko nganye kunye nenkunkuma.

I-Anatomy iCystoscope kufuneka ihambe

I-anatomy ye-urinary tract esezantsi ichaza ububanzi bomda, ukuguquguquka, kunye neqhinga lokuqhuba. Kumadoda, i-curvature kunye ne-sphincter tone yenza ukuqhubela phambili okuthambileyo, okuthambisa kakuhle kubalulekile; kwabasetyhini, i-urethra imfutshane kwaye ithe tye kodwa ifuna i-asepsis ecokisekileyo. Kwisinyi, uphando olucwangcisiweyo lubandakanya i-trigone, ureteric orifices, i-interureteric ridge, i-dome, i-posterior, i-lateral kunye neendonga zangaphambili.

• Umchamo wendoda: i-meatus → i-fossa navicularis → i-penile → i-bulbar → i-membranous → i-prostatic urethra → intamo yesinyi.

• I-urethra yabasetyhini: ikhosi emfutshane ene-angulation eyahlukileyo kunye nezinto eziphambili zokuthintela usulelo.

• Iimpawu zomhlaba zesinyi: i-trigone, ureteric orifices, i-interureteric ridge, kunye ne-dome zifuna i-distension eyaneleyo kunye ne-angulation.

Yintoni eyenziwa yiCystoscope

• I-tube yokufaka kunye ne-sheath: i-biocompatible, i-kink-resistant, isayizi yokuthuthuzela kunye nokufikelela ngokusebenzisa izithintelo.

• I-Optics kunye nemifanekiso: i-fiber bundles okanye i-distal CMOS; anti-inkungu, hydrophilic, okanye iifestile ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokukrweleka.

• Ukukhanya: Imithombo ye-LED enokuqina okuhlengahlengiswayo kwimihlaba ephaphathekileyo okanye eyophayo.

• Ukuphambuka kunye nokulawula: amavili okulawula ukuya phezulu / ezantsi (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha asecaleni) ukuphambuka kwimida eguquguqukayo.

• Imijelo esebenzayo kunye nokunkcenkceshela: i-instrument passage kunye ne-distension eqhubekayo; imijelo emibini iphucula uzinzo.

• I-Handle kunye ne-UI: i-ergonomic grips, amaqhosha okubamba / okumisa, kunye nokulawulwa kwentambo yokulawula ukukhathala okuphantsi.

• Uqhagamshelo: iimonitha/iiprosesa ezinomfanekiso wokugcina, ukuthumela ngaphandle kweDICOM, kunye nokudityaniswa okukhuselekileyo kwenethiwekhi.
  
  

Iintlobo zeCystoscope

• I-cystoscope eqinile: i-optics egqwesileyo kunye nemijelo eyomeleleyo; ehlala isetyenziselwa ukuhamba komsebenzi (umzekelo, inkxaso ye-TURBT, umsebenzi wamatye).

• I-cystoscope eguquguqukayo: intuthuzelo enkulu kunye nokufikelela; ilungele ukuxilongwa kweofisi kunye nokucupha.

• I-cystoscope yevidiyo (i-chip-on-tip): umfanekiso we-HD kunye nokurekhodwa kokwazisa ngemeko yeqela kunye nokufundisa.

• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cystoscope enye: inzuzo yokulawula usulelo kunye nokufumaneka okuqikelelweyo; ixabiso eliphezulu ngokwetyala ngalinye.

• Ukwahluka kwabantwana: iidayamitha ezincitshisiweyo, iigophe ezithambileyo, kunye nezixhobo ezincinci ezihambelanayo.

Iimpawu ze-cystoscopy

• I-hematuria ebonakalayo okanye encinci ye-microscopic ukukhupha ukopha kwaye ulawule ubulwelwe.

• Uphononongo lomhlaza wesinyi ukufumanisa ukuphindaphinda kunye nokukhokela unyango lwe-intravesical.

• Usulelo oluphindaphindiweyo lwe-urinary tract ukuchonga amatye, i-diverticula, okanye imizimba yangaphandle.

• Iimpawu ezisezantsi zomchamo ukukhuphela ukuvaleka koomatshini okanye izilonda ze-intravesical.

• Uvavanyo olungqongqo lwe-Urethral ukuchaza indawo, ubude, kunye nomgangatho wocwangciso longenelelo.

• Ukubuyiswa komzimba wangaphandle, ukubekwa kwe-stent, kunye nokususwa.

• Uvavanyo emva kotyando lwe-pelvic okanye i-radiation ye-fistulae, i-necrosis, okanye i-radiation cystitis.

Indlela yesigulane: Ukulungiselela, inkqubo, ukuBuyisa

Ukulungiselela kunye neNgcebiso

• Cacisa iinjongo (i-diagnostic vs unyango olunokwenzeka), amanyathelo, iimvakalelo, kunye neempawu ezinokuthi zenzeke emva kwenkqubo.

• Hlaziya imbali, aleji, amayeza, kunye nenkcubeko iziphumo; lawula i-anticoagulation kunye ne-antibiotics ngomgaqo-nkqubo.

• Jonga ukulungela izixhobo: ingqibelelo yobubanzi, iiseti zesixhobo, ukunkcenkceshela, kunye neenkqubo zokurekhoda.

Usuku lweNkqubo

• Isikhundla (i-lithotomy okanye i-dorsal recumbent), i-sterile prep, kunye ne-gel anesthetic njengoko kubonisiwe.

• Ukuqhubela phambili phantsi kombono othe ngqo; Ungaze unyanzelise ukuxhathisa okudlulileyo.

• Gcina i-distension efanayo kunye nokunkcenkceshela kwe-isotonic; yenza uphando lwesinyi olucwangcisiweyo.

• Ukungenelela njengoko kucwangcisiwe (i-biopsy, i-hemostasis, ukubuyiswa kwamatye, imisebenzi ye-stent) kunye noxwebhu olunemifanekiso.

UkuBuyisa kunye nokuLandelela

• Khuthaza ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi; bonelela ngesikhokelo se-analgesia kunye neempawu zeflegi ebomvu (umkhuhlane, ukugcinwa, amahlwili anzima).

• Cwangcisa ukulandelelwa kwe-pathology, amaxesha okucupha, kunye nokuhlolwa kwakhona kweempawu.

I-Cystoscopy yokuxilonga: Ubuchwephesha bokuchaneka

• Qala ngokutshayela i-panoramic; lungisa ukukhanya / inzuzo; jikeleza ukugcina ukuqhelaniswa nendawo.

• Iimpawu zezilonda ngobungakanani, umbala, i-vascularity, i-contour, imida, kunye nokuba kufuphi kwi-orifices.

• Sebenzisa izinyanzelo ze-biopsy ezinobungakanani obufanelekileyo; ileyibhile imizekelo ngendawo echanekileyo.

• Qwalasela umahluko wedijithali okanye iindlela ze-fluorescence (apho zikhoyo) ukuphucula ukubonwa kwezilonda ezicatshileyo ezicaba.

I-Cystoscopy yokuSebenza: Ungenelelo oluqhelekileyo

• Inkxaso ye-TURBT: izilonda zemephu, imiphetho ye-biopsy, chonga iisathelayithi; uxwebhu olunolungelelwaniso lobuso bewotshi.

• Ulawulo lwamatye: ibhaskithi ikhalkuli encinci; isiqwenga samatye amakhulu (i-ultrasonic, i-pneumatic, i-laser) kunye nokubuyisela amaqhekeza.

• Ulawulo lwesakhiwo: chaza i-anatomy; ukunabisa okanye ukusika xa kufanelekile; cwangcisa urethroplasty kumacandelo amade.

• I-Hemostasis: bonisa ulawulo lokuphuma kwegazi kunye nezicwangciso zamandla alondolozayo kunye nokubonakala okucacileyo.

• Umsebenzi we-Stent: ukubekwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokususwa ngombono ozinzileyo we-trigone kunye ne-orifices.
  
  

Imingcipheko kunye neengxaki: Ukuqatshelwa kunye nokuNcitshiswa

• I-UTI: ukunciphisa ngokhetho olufanelekileyo, ubuchule obunyumba, kunye nokuziphatha ngokutsha; vavanya umkhuhlane oqhubekayo okanye intlungu yecala.

• I-hematuria: idla ngokuzibekela umda; ukunika amanzi kunye nokubuyisela amanyathelo okhuseleko.

• Ukugqojozwa: kunqabile; thintela amandla angaboniyo, ngakumbi kwimiqathango; lawula ukusuka kwi-catheter drainage ukuya ukulungisa ngokusekelwe kubunzima.

• Intlungu/umonzakalo: nciphisa ngokuthambisa, ukukhetha ubungakanani obuchanekileyo, kunye nokuphatha kakuhle.

• Ukugqithiswa kolwelo: ukubeka iliso kokungena/ukuphuma kolusuko olude; sebenzisa i-isotonic yokunkcenkceshela xa ihambelana nendlela yamandla.

UThintelo loSulelo kunye noHlengahlengiso

• Indawo yokunyamekela: ukucoca kwangaphambili ukukhusela i-biofilm; uvavanyo lokuvuza ngaphambi kokuntywiliselwa.

• Ukucoca ngesandla: izicoci ze-enzymatic kunye nebrashi yetshaneli nge-IFU nganye.

• Inqanaba eliphezulu lokubulala iintsholongwane okanye ukuvala inzala: iikhemistri eziqinisekisiweyo okanye iinkqubo ezinobushushu obuphantsi; ukomisa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokugcinwa okukhuselweyo.

• Ukuzenzekelayo: ii-AERs zilinganisa iiparamitha; uqeqesho nophicotho lugcina ukuthotyelwa.

• Ukhetho lokusebenzisa into enye: luluncedo apho ukucutshungulwa kwakhona kuthintelwe okanye ulawulo loqhambuko lubalulekile.

Umgangatho womfanekiso: Ijongeka njani “elungileyo”

• Isisombululo/uluhlu oluguquguqukayo: gcina iinkcukacha kwimiboniso eqaqambileyo kunye neendawo ezipholileyo ezinomthunzi.

• Inyaniso yombala / ibhalansi emhlophe: umbala ochanekileyo unceda ukwahlula ukuvuvukala kwi-neoplasia.

• Uzinzo lomfanekiso: uyilo lwe-ergonomic, ukuphambuka okugudileyo, ukugquma inkungu, kunye nokunkcenkceshela okufudumeleyo.

• Uxwebhu: iimbono ezisemgangathweni zayo yonke imimandla kunye nemifanekiso emele isilonda / iikliphu.

Imiba yoLuntu: I-Ergonomics ye-Operator kunye namava esigulane

• Ukubamba okulinganayo, izixhumi ezijikelezayo, kunye ne-micro-breaks zinciphisa ukudinwa kweklinikhi.

• Inkcazo ngamanyathelo kunye neziqinisekiso zangasese ziphucula intuthuzelo yesigulane kunye nokuthembela.

• Uluhlu lwe-analgesia ukusuka kwi-gel kunye ne-NSAID ukuya kwi-sedation encinci kwiimeko ezikhethiweyo.

Ukuthengwa kwempahla: Ukukhetha iSixhobo seCystoscope

Chaza iiMfuno zoNyango

• Umthamo woxilongo lwe-ofisi, ukuntsonkotha kokusebenza, isabelo sabantwana, kunye nenkqubo yokucupha umhlaza.

Iikhrayitheriya zobuGcisa

• Ukuveliswa kwenzwa, isisombululo, uzinzo lombala, ubungakanani betshaneli, uluhlu lokuphambuka, iidayamitha zangaphandle, ukukhanya, kunye nokuqina.

Iindleko zizonke zobunini

• Iindleko zeNkunzi xa zithelekiswa nexesha lokuphila, imijikelo yokulungisa, ababolekisi-mali, iindleko zokuphinda zisetyenziswe, izinto ezilahlwayo xa zithelekiswa nezinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, izivumelwano zenkonzo, kunye nohlaziyo.

Ukudityaniswa kokuSebenza

• Ukufakwa kwemifanekiso / uqhagamshelo lwe-EHR, izinto zokugcina iimpahla, uluhlu lwempahla, kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi / ukuqinisekiswa kobuchule.

ULondolozo kunye noQinisekiso loMgangatho

• Uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo lokunxitywa kwe-sheath, imikrwelo yelensi, umdlalo wokuqhuba, kunye nokuthembeka kwesinxibelelanisi.

• Uvavanyo lokuvuza ukuthintela ukungena kwamanzi kunye nomonakalo we-elektroniki.

• Izigodo zesiganeko zibophelela ukusetyenziswa ngakunye kwisigulana/umqhubi; ukulungiswa kwendlela ekujoliswe kuyo kuqeqesho kwakhona.

• Uhlaziyo lwe-firmware yeprosesa kunye nokubeka iliso kwimilinganiselo yombala ukwenzela ukunyaniseka okungaguqukiyo.

UQoqosho lwezeMpilo kunye neMpembelelo yokuHamba komsebenzi

• I-cystoscopy esekwe kwiofisi yandisa umthamo ngaphaya kwe-OR kwaye ifinyeze amaxesha okulinda.

• Ukucupha okuthembekileyo komhlaza kunciphisa iintetho ezingxamisekileyo kunye nokulungelelanisa ukhathalelo kunye nezikhokelo.

• Ukucutshungulwa kwakhona okuqinileyo okanye usetyenziso olukhethiweyo olulodwa kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhambuka kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkonzo.

Abemi abakhethekileyo

• Unyango lwabantwana: imida emincinci, ukwenzakala okuncinci, unxibelelwano olugxile kusapho, ukuthomalalisa okulungiselelweyo.

• I-Neurogenic bladder: lindela ukuvuvukala okungapheliyo kunye neenguqu ezinxulumene ne-catheter; biopsy ngokufanelekileyo.

• Izigulane ezichasene ne-anticoagulated: ukulinganisela ukopha kunye nobungozi be-thrombotic; ukulungelelanisa izicwangciso zeperiprocedural.

• I-cystitis ye-radiation: i-mucosa evuthayo; ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngolondolozo kunye nonyango olucwangcisiweyo lwe-intravesical.

Uqeqesho kunye nokuqinisekisa

• Ukulinganisa, ukuziqhelanisa nebenchtop, kunye namatyala abekwe iliso akha izakhono zengqondo.

• Amanqaku abalulekileyo: ukuphatha, uphando olucwangcisiweyo, ukubonakaliswa kwezilonda, ukungenelela okusisiseko.

• Uqeqesho lweqela labongikazi kunye nabasebenzi abasebenza ngokutsha; Ugutyulo olunqamlezileyo lugcina ukuqhubekeka kwenkonzo.

• Uphicotho ngamaxwebhu efoto, amaxabiso e-UTI, iingxaki, kunye neziphumo ezixelwe ngesigulana.

Ikamva leCystoscope

• Ukufumanisa okuncediswa yi-AI: i-algorithms yokufaka iflegi yezilonda ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokulinganisa ingxelo.

• Iimowudi zeSpectral/fluorescence: umahluko wedijithali ukuphucula ubuntununtunu kwizilonda ezicaba.

• Incinci, ikrelekrele, iluhlaza ngakumbi: imida emincinci, iiprosesa ezisebenzayo, kunye neenqwelomoya eziwaziyo umjikelo wobomi.

• I-Tele-support: ukhuseleko lokwabelana ngembono ephilayo kwizimvo zesibini kunye nemfundo ekude.

Igalelo leXBX kwiCystoscopy yanamhlanje

I-XBX ibeka iphothifoliyo ye-cystoscope malunga nokucaca, ukungaguquguquki, kunye nokuqhubeka ukulungelelaniswa nokuhamba komsebenzi weklinikhi okwenyani kuneempawu zentengiso enye.

• Ukucaca: ugxininiso kumbala ozinzileyo, uluhlu olubanzi oluguquguqukayo, kunye ne-anti-inkungu optics inceda ukwahlula ukudumba kwizilonda ezirhabaxa ezikrokrisayo kunye nemida yamathumba ngokuzithemba.

• Ukungaguquguquki: ukuqheleka kwe-ergonomic kuzo zonke iisayizi / iimodeli kunciphisa ukufunda kwakhona; ukuhambelana kwejelo kugcina isixhobo sibeka iyunifomu; ulawulo lokubanjwa lubeka emgangathweni amaxwebhu.

• Ukuqhubela phambili: uqeqesho lofakelo, izihlaziyo zokutshintsha kwabasebenzi, kunye neendlela zenkonzo zibeka phambili ixesha lokuphumla; amacebo axutyiweyo anokuphinda asetyenziswe/asetyenziswa kanye ajongana nolawulo losulelo kunye neemfuno zokucwangcisa.

Ngokugxininisa kwigalelo kunokuba i-slogans, i-XBX ixhasa amaqela e-urology ekugcineni iinkqubo ze-cystoscopy ezikhuselekileyo, ezithembekileyo, kunye nezigulane ezijoliswe kwisigulane kwiminyaka yokusetyenziswa.

Imbono yokuvala

I-cystoscope isala ilitye lembombo le-urology kuba idibanisa ukuqiniseka kokuxilonga, ukuchaneka konyango, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesigulane kwisixhobo esinye. Ukusuka kwi-optics eqinile ukuya kwividiyo ye-HD eguquguqukayo kunye neendlela ezikhethiweyo zokusebenzisa enye, ukuvela kwayo kuye kwandise ngokuthe gqolo oko oogqirha banokukubona kwaye bakwenze ngaphandle kokusikwa. Ngokulungiswa okucwangcisiweyo, ukuthengwa okucingayo, uqeqesho oluqinileyo, kunye nabavelisi abaxhomekeke kwigalelo njenge-XBX, i-cystoscopy iya kuqhubeka ibambelele ngokukhuselekileyo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokunyamekela okusebenzayo kwimeko ye-bladder kunye ne-urethral kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.

FAQ

1. Ziziphi iimeko zonyango ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-cystoscope?

   IiCystoscopes zisetyenziselwa ukucupha umhlaza wesinyi, uphando lwe-hematuria, uvandlakanyo olungqongqo, ukulawulwa kwamatye, kunye nosulelo oluphindaphindiweyo lomgudu womchamo.

2. Ngowuphi umahluko ophambili phakathi kwe-cystoscopes eqinile kunye neguquguqukayo?

   I-cystoscopes eqinile ibonelela nge-optics egqwesileyo kunye nemijelo eyomeleleyo, ilungele iinkqubo zokusebenza, ngelixa i-cystoscopes eguquguqukayo inika intuthuzelo ngakumbi kwizigulana kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa kweofisi.

3. I-cystoscope yevidiyo iphucula njani ukuchaneka kokuxilonga?

   Ii-cystoscopes zevidiyo zisebenzisa i-chip-on-tip sensors zedijithali ukubonelela nge-high-definition imaging, amaxwebhu exesha langempela, kunye neembono ezabelwana ngazo zokufundisa kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho.

4. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okulawula usulelo abalulekileyo xa usebenzisa i-cystoscopes?

   Izibhedlele kufuneka zilandele ngokungqongqo iiprotocol zokuphinda zisebenze, ziqwalasele ukusetyenziswa kwe-cystoscopes enye xa kuyimfuneko, kwaye ziqinisekise uvavanyo lokuvuza, ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kunye nokugcinwa okufanelekileyo ukuthintela ukosuleleka.

5. Zeziphi izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngamaqela okuthenga xa zivavanya izixhobo zecystoscope?

   Izinto eziphambili zibandakanya isisombululo somfanekiso, ubungakanani beshaneli, i-diameter yangaphandle yokuthuthuzela isigulane, ukuqina, indleko yokuhlaziya, inkxaso yenkonzo, kunye nokuhambelana nokuhamba komsebenzi esibhedlele.

6. Ingalawulwa njani intuthuzelo yesigulane ngexesha le-cystoscopy?

   Intuthuzelo iphuculwa ngeejeli zokuthomalalisa, ukuthambisa, ubuchule bokufaka obuthambileyo, ubungakanani bobubanzi obufanelekileyo, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo nesigulana.

7. Ziziphi izincedisi ezisetyenziswa rhoqo nge-cystoscopes?

   I-Biopsy forceps, iibhasikithi zamatye, iifayibha ze-laser, i-cautery electrode, kunye ne-stent graspers ziphakathi kwezixhobo ezinokugqithiswa kwiitshaneli zokusebenza ze-cystoscope.

8. I-cystoscopy iluxhasa njani ulawulo lomhlaza wesinyi?

   Ivumela ukufunyanwa kwangoko, ukwenza imephu yeendawo zamathumba, ii-biopsies ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye nophononongo oluqhubekayo lokuphindaphinda, iyenza ibe ngumgangatho wegolide kukhathalelo lomhlaza wesinyi.