Endoscopy imathandizira opaleshoni yocheperako popereka mawonekedwe achindunji, matanthauzidwe apamwamba komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zida kudzera m'madulidwe ang'onoang'ono, kuchepetsa kuvulala kwa minofu, kufulumizitsa kuchira, komanso kuthandizira chisamaliro chotetezeka, chotsika mtengo pazapadera.
Opaleshoni yocheperako pang'ono (MIS) imalowa m'malo mwa madoko akulu ndi madoko ang'onoang'ono, kujambula kwa endoscopic, ndi zida zolondola. Mu paradigm iyi, endoscopy imakhala ngati pachimake chowonekera komanso njira yolowera yomwe imalola kuzindikira ndi kuchiza pagawo lomwelo. Zipatala zimagwiritsa ntchito nsanja za endoscopic kuti zikhazikitse kayendedwe ka ntchito, mapulogalamu owunikira, ndikugwirizanitsa zotsatira zachipatala ndi magwiridwe antchito. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za ntchito zachipatala, matekinoloje, zitsanzo zophunzitsira, ma metrics apamwamba, malingaliro ogula zinthu, ndi mayendedwe amtsogolo a endoscopy, ndi zolemba zothandiza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa OEM/ODM ndi kuphatikiza zipatala. XBX imatchulidwa ngati chitsanzo cha opanga omwe amapereka mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madipatimenti ambiri.
Endoscopy idachokera ku machubu olimba omwe amawunikira pang'ono kupita ku makina owoneka bwino a fiber-optic kenako kupita ku kanema ndi nsanja za chip-on-tip. Zachilengedwe zamakono zimaphatikiza kujambula, kulowetsa, kuyamwa, kuthirira, kupereka mphamvu, ndi zina pansi pa ntchito imodzi yopanda kanthu. Kukula kolimba kumakhalabe kofala kwa laparoscopy ndi arthroscopy; mawonekedwe osinthika amalamulira GI, pulmonology, ndi urology. Pazonse, cholinga chomwe amagawana ndikuwonetsetsa kosasinthika, mwayi wowongolera, komanso kukonzanso koyenera.
Ma endoscope olimba: optics okhazikika a laparoscopy, cystoscopy, ndi arthroscopy.
Kusinthasintha kwa Fiber-Optic: kuyenda mu tortuous anatomy ndi ergonomics yabwino.
Video endoscopy: kuyang'ana gulu lonse pazowunikira, zolemba, ndi kuphunzitsa.
Masensa a Chip-on-tip: kusamvana kwakukulu, phokoso lotsika, kuphatikiza kwa digito.
Njira zotsogola: 3D/4K, yopapatiza ndi kujambula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana, EUS/EBUS.
Automation & AI: kulimbikitsa zilonda zenizeni zenizeni, kutsatira bwino, zothandizira zolemba.
Endoscopy imagwira ntchito ngati chida chodziwira matenda, nsanja yochizira, komanso kalozera wa intraoperative. Imawonjezera kulondola mwa kupangitsa kuwona mwachindunji kwa mucous nembanemba, machitidwe a mitsempha, ndi kulumikizana kwa zida ndikuchepetsa kukula ndi kuwonekera.
Gastroscopy: zilonda zam'mimba, zilonda zam'mimba, zam'mimba za Barrett, khansa yapamimba yoyambirira; ma biopsies omwe amayang'aniridwa.
Colonoscopy: kuwunika khansa yapakhungu, kuyang'anira IBD, mawonekedwe a polyp.
Bronchoscopy: kupanga mapu a mpweya, kupititsa patsogolo matenda, ma biopsies a transbronchial, masitepe a EBUS.
Cystoscopy ndi ureteroscopy: chotupa anaziika, strictures, miyala, stent macheke.
Hysteroscopy: intrauterine pathology (polyps, fibroids, adhesion), kuwunika kwa kusabereka.
Arthroscopy: kuwunika kwa cartilage, menisci, ligaments, synovium ndikuwunika mwachindunji.
GI: polypectomy, EMR/ESD, hemostasis, dilation, kuchotsa thupi lakunja.
Pulmonology: chotupa chotupa, kuyika kwa stent, ma valve endobronchial, kutulutsa kwamafuta.
Urology: kugawanika kwa miyala ndi kubweza, kuchotsa chotupa, stricturotomy.
Gynecology: polypectomy, myomectomy, adhesiolysis, septum resection.
Orthopedics: kukonza meniscal, chondroplasty, synovectomy, kuchotsa thupi lotayirira.
Laparoscopy ndi thoracoscopy: masomphenya kwa dissection, hemostasis, suturing.
Njira zophatikizika: endoscopy imathandizira njira zosakanizidwa ndi radiology ndi robotics.
Navigation: makulidwe akuya (3D) ndi kukulitsa kumamveketsa bwino ndege, zombo, ndi ma ducts.
Zachipatala: kuchepetsa ululu, chiopsezo chochepa cha matenda, zomatira zochepa, kuchira msanga.
Kugwira ntchito: nthawi yayitali yokhalamo, njira zamatsiku, kuwunika kowonjezereka.
Economic: kutsika mtengo wonse wa chisamaliro kudzera mumayendedwe okhazikika komanso zovuta zochepa.
Maphunziro: zowonetsera zogawana ndi zojambulira zophunzitsira zamagulu ndi mayankho abwino.
Kukhulupirika kwajambula ndi ergonomics kumatsimikizira zokolola komanso njira zogwirira ntchito. Zosankha zamakina zimayendera bwino mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe, kulondola kwamtundu, latency, kulimba, komanso mtengo.
Masensa a 4K/HD: kumveka kwa microvasculature, mapatani a dzenje, ndi kutsatira zida.
Magalasi a Wide-angle: malo otakata okhala ndi chidziwitso cha zotumphukira zachitetezo.
Kuchita kwaphokoso pang'ono: zithunzi zoyeretsa powala pang'ono kuti muwunikire bwino mucosal.
Kuwunikira kocheperako kwa band: kumawunikira zida zokhala ndi hemoglobini kuti zizindikiridwe koyambirira kwa neoplasia.
Makulitsidwe a digito ndi kukulitsa kapangidwe kake: mawonekedwe ndi matanthauzidwe am'mphepete mwa zotupa zosawoneka bwino.
3D stereoscopy: kuzindikira mozama kwa ntchito zovuta za suturing ndi dissection.
Makina osunthika: kuwala kolumikizana, kamera, insufflation, kuyamwa, kutumiza mphamvu.
Kujambula ndi mayendedwe: kujambula kanema, kuphatikizika kwa PACS/VNA, kuwonetsera kutali.
Zotayidwa motsutsana ndi zogwiritsidwanso ntchito: kusinthanitsa pakati pa matenda, mtengo, mtundu wazithunzi.
Kuchita bwino kwa Endoscopic kumadalira zida zomwe zimagwirizana zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera, kudula, kuphatikizika, ndi kubweza kwinaku akusunga mawonekedwe ndi chitetezo.
Kuzindikira: biopsy forceps, cytology maburashi, misampha, singano zolakalaka.
Zochizira: tatifupi, malupu, mabaluni, stents, madengu, graspers, maukonde akabweza.
Mphamvu: monopolar/bipolar, ultrasonic, advanced bipolar sealing, plasma modalities.
Mapangidwe a ma hand and torque control amachepetsa kutopa kwa ogwira ntchito ndikuwongolera kulondola.
Anti-fog, lens mutsuka, ndi kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
Kukhazikika kwamtundu ndi kutentha kumateteza minyewa panthawi yotsegulira nthawi yayitali.
Kukonzanso kokhazikika kumachepetsa chiopsezo chotengera kuipitsidwa. Kuwongolera njira, kutsata, ndi maphunziro ndizofunikira pakutsimikizira kwabwino.
Kuyeretsa koyambirira: kupukuta ndi kupukuta msanga pambuyo pochotsa.
Kuyezetsa kutayikira: kumazindikiritsa zophwanya ma tchanelo musanayambe kuzungulira.
Kuyeretsa pamanja: kutsuka zowunikira zonse ndi ma valve ndi zotsukira zovomerezeka.
Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kutseketsa: Kuzungulira kwa AER komwe kumawunikidwa.
Kuyanika ndi kusungirako: kuyanika kwanjira yokakamiza, makabati okhala ndi kusefera kwa HEPA.
Zolemba: manambala ambiri, zipika zozungulira, kulumikizana kwa endoscope-odwala pakuwunika.
Maphunziro otengera luso komanso kutsimikiziranso antchito pachaka.
Kuwunika pafupipafupi ndi kuyang'ana kwa borescope kwa mayendedwe ndi malekezero akutali.
Kukonzekera koteteza ndi kukonzekera kwa moyo wa zisindikizo, ma valve, ndi machubu oyika.
Kupeza luso mu endoscopy kumapindula kuchokera kumaphunziro okhazikika, zoyeserera, ndi ma metric acholinga. Mapulogalamu amagogomezera momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, kuchepetsa malupu, njira zowunikira mucosal, hemostasis, ndi kuwongolera zovuta.
Ma module a Didactic pa anatomy, ma pathology, ndi fizikiki yazida.
Ophunzitsa ma bokosi ndi oyeserera a VR okhala ndi mayankho okakamiza pamaluso amagalimoto.
Milandu yokhazikika yokhala ndi maphunziro odziyimira pawokha komanso kuwunika kwamavidiyo.
Manambala oyambira olumikizidwa kuzizindikiro zabwino (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa adenoma).
Zipatala zimatsata ndondomeko ndi zotsatira zake kuti zitsimikizire kuti endoscopy yotetezeka komanso yothandiza. Zolemba zokhazikika zimathandizira kuyika chizindikiro ndikuwongolera mosalekeza.
GI: cecal intubation rate, nthawi yochotsa, kuchuluka kwa adenoma, kuchuluka kwa perforation.
Pulmonology: zokolola zowunikira pa kukula kwa zilonda ndi malo, zochitika za hypoxemia.
Urology: mlingo wopanda miyala, chiwopsezo chobwerera, kuvulala kwa ureter.
Gynecology: chiwopsezo chokwanira cha matenda, kubwereza kwa intrauterine adhesion.
Orthopedics: nthawi yobwerera kuntchito, kuchuluka kwa kuyambiranso.
Mapulogalamu ogwira mtima a endoscopy amagwirizanitsa ndandanda, kubweza kwa zida, opaleshoni, ndi zolemba. Zida zokhazikika komanso mawonekedwe azipinda amachepetsa kuchedwa ndi zolakwika.
Njira zamilandu: kuwunika koyambirira, kuvomereza, kutha kwa nthawi, malangizo amtsogolo.
Malo ergonomics: kuyang'anira kutalika ndi mtunda, kasamalidwe ka chingwe, kuika antchito.
Kubweza: mitsinje yofananira yokonzanso, zosunga zobwezeretsera, ma stacks olumikizana mwachangu.
Mayendedwe a data: kujambula zokha zotsalira / zojambulidwa, malipoti ojambulidwa, kutumiza kunja kwa EHR.
Mtengo wonse wa umwini umaphatikizapo ndalama (makamera, magwero owunikira, mapurosesa, zowunikira), zowonjezera, kukonzanso, makontrakitala antchito, kukonzanso zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi nthawi ya ogwira ntchito. Kutembenuka kwamasiku angapo, kuchepetsedwa kwa zovuta, ndi kupindula kwa zokolola kumathandizira ku ROI.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri: kugawana magawo osiyanasiyana ndikukonzekera pamodzi.
Kupewa kukonza: Kuphunzitsa pa malire a torque, chisamaliro cha magalasi, ndi njira yolumikizira.
Zotayidwa motsutsana ndi zogwiritsidwanso ntchito: zoyang'anira zowongolera matenda motsutsana ndi mtengo wamtundu uliwonse.
Kukhazikika: ma SKU ochepa, kugula zambiri, maphunziro osasinthika ndi QA.
Zipatala zimayesa mtundu wa zithunzi, kulimba, kufalikira kwa ntchito, kuphatikiza, komanso mtengo wamoyo. Njira za OEM/ODM zimagwirizana ndi kayendedwe ka ntchito komweko, kuchepetsa nthawi yosinthira ndikukulitsa kukhazikika.
Kuchita kwazithunzi pazogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo (GI, airway, urology, gynecology, ortho).
Kukwanira kwa ergonomic kwa ogwiritsa ntchito komanso kuyanjana ndi ma stacks omwe alipo.
Kukonzanso kutsimikizira ndi ma AER apano ndi makina owumitsa.
SLAs zautumiki, kupezeka kwa obwereketsa, kukonzanso kusintha, thandizo la maphunziro.
Chitsimikizo ndi zolemba zotsatiridwa ndi malamulo.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo ndikusintha njira yopangira zojambula zapamwamba kapena ma module a AI.
XBX imapereka ma endoscopes apadera osiyanasiyana komanso zida zamapulatifomu zomwe zimapangidwira kuyenda kwachipatala. Mayankho amagogomezera kumveka kwazithunzi, kuwongolera kwa ergonomic, kukonzanso kovomerezeka, ndi kuphatikiza zolemba. Zochita za OEM/ODM zimagwirizanitsa zomwe zafotokozedwa, zida zowonjezera, ndi maphunziro ndi machitidwe akumaloko kuti athandizire kutengera ana popanda kusokoneza ndondomeko zokhazikitsidwa.
Flexible GI: gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes okhala ndi masensa apamwamba kwambiri.
Pulmonology: ma bronchoscopes, mapangidwe ogwirizana ndi EBUS a siteji ndi zitsanzo.
Urology: ma cystoscopes ndi ureteroscopes okhala ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa njira.
Gynecology: Kuzindikira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma hysteroscopes paofesi ndi OR kugwiritsa ntchito.
Orthopedics: arthroscopes yokhala ndi mawonekedwe olimba komanso kuyanjana kwamadzi.
Maphunziro azachipatala: kukwera, ma module oyeserera, zotsitsimula zapantchito.
Service Logistics: kukonza zodzitetezera, obwereketsa mwachangu, kukonza kuwonekera.
Deta ndi zolembedwa: kujambula mayendedwe otumiza kunja ndi ma templates a lipoti.
Kusintha mwamakonda: gwiritsani ntchito geometry, kukula kwa tchanelo, ndi zida zowonjezera pazosowa zakomweko.
Mayendedwe otsatiridwa amafunikira malangizo ovomerezeka okonzanso, zidziwitso zamachitidwe, zolemba, ndi lipoti loyang'anira. Magulu ogula zinthu amaonetsetsa kuti zolemba zikugwirizana ndi zolembera za dziko komanso ndondomeko zachipatala. Kuwunika kwapamsika ndi kutsata zochitika kumapitilira kuwongolera.
Mapulogalamu amakono amayendetsa zithunzi ndi malipoti ku malo osungirako zakale ndi zolemba zamagetsi pamene akuteteza zinsinsi za odwala. Kulozera mavidiyo, zomwe zapezedwa, ndi thandizo la AI zimathandizira ma dashboard apamwamba ndi kafukufuku kwinaku mukutsatira malamulo ovomereza ndi kusunga.
Jambulani ndikuyika ma tagging: anatomy, mtundu wa zilonda, ndi zolembera gawo la ndondomeko.
Kugwirizana: mawonekedwe okhazikika a kusinthana kwa PACS/VNA.
Analytics: kuwunika kwanthawi yosiya, kuchuluka kwazomwe zimadziwika, komanso zovuta zomwe zimachitika.
Kuwongolera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito: mwayi wotengera maudindo, njira zowunikira, komanso kugawana kotetezeka.
Zipatala zoyambitsa kapena kukulitsa ntchito za endoscopy zimatsata dongosolo lokhazikika kuyambira pakuwunika mpaka kukhathamiritsa. Utsogoleri wogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana umatsimikizira kulumikizana pakati pa madokotala, unamwino, kukonza kosabala, biomed, IT, ndi kugula.
Kuwunika: kusakanikirana kwamilandu, zipinda, kuthekera kokonzanso, antchito, ndi mipata yophunzitsira.
Kufotokozera: Zolinga zofananira, zopinga zofananira, ma catalogs owonjezera.
Pilot: kutulutsa kochepa kotsata ma metrics ndi kuphunzitsa kolunjika.
Kukulitsa: Kuyimitsidwa kwazipinda zambiri, kuphatikiza kwazinthu, ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Kukhathamiritsa: zolumikizira zowerengera, kuchepetsa kukonza, kupititsa patsogolo komanso kuwongolera bwino.
Zovuta zimakhalabe zosowa koma zimafunikira kukonzekera: kutuluka magazi, kuphulika, post-polypectomy syndrome, zochitika zokhudzana ndi opaleshoni, ndi zolakwika za zipangizo. Kuchulukitsa kwa protocolized, kubowola koyerekeza, ndi kuwunikira zochitika kumateteza chitetezo.
Zowunikira pakukhazikitsa, kuwerengera, mphamvu, ndi kukonzanso zotuluka.
Magalimoto angozi okhala ndi hemostasis ndi zida zopulumutsira ndege.
Zokambirana zokhazikitsidwa ndi mayankho ofulumira kwa magulu ndi utsogoleri.
Njira zowunikira ndi kuyang'anira zimathandizira kuchuluka kwa zozindikirika ndi zolemba.
Kukula kwamankhwala kumachepetsa kutembenuka kotseguka kwa neoplasia yoyambirira komanso kutuluka magazi.
Kufikira kwa zilonda zam'mphepete kumapita bwino ndi zothandizira panyanja ndi EBUS.
Kukhazikika kwa ndege kudzera m'ma stents ndi ma valve kumachepetsa katundu wa ICU.
Miniaturization imathandizira matenda amwala ndikukhala kwaufupi ndikuchira mwachangu.
Endoscopic oncology imathandizira kusungidwa kwa chiwalo ngati pali njira zotheka.
Office hysteroscopy ifupikitsa kusamalidwa kwa kutulutsa magazi kwachilendo komanso kusabereka.
Ma modules opangira amakula mpaka myomectomy ndi adhesiolysis.
Arthroscopy imabwezeretsa kugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi kusokonezeka kwa minofu yofewa.
Zochita za opaleshoni ya tsiku ndi tsiku zimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa odwala komanso ndalama.
Endoscopy ndi wovuta thupi; kapangidwe ka ergonomic, zowunikira zosinthika, ma angle a dzanja osalowerera ndale, ndi zopumira zomwe zakonzedwa zimachepetsa kupsinjika. Chisamaliro chamagulu ku ergonomics chimathandizira magwiridwe antchito ndi kusunga.
Mapologalamu amawunikanso kukonzanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka madzi ndi mphamvu, zinyalala zolongedza, ndi kutalika kwa moyo wa zida. Zolinga zogwiritsiridwa ntchito zogwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi zimagwirizanitsa kuwongolera matenda ndi zolinga zachilengedwe komanso zovuta za bajeti.
Real-time AI yolimbikitsa kuzindikira kwa zilonda ndikuwonetsetsa kwathunthu.
Kuphimba kwa AR kwa mapu a ma ductal ndi vascular pamigawo yovuta.
Mapulatifomu opanda zingwe ndi makapisozi osakhazikika, ambulatory diagnostics.
Zida zazing'ono, zanzeru za submucosal ndi subsegmental interventions.
Ma analytics amtundu wothandizidwa ndi mtambo pamawebusayiti ambiri azachipatala.
Tanthauzirani zoyezera zabwino msanga; gwirizanitsani maphunziro ndi ma auditing ku ma metrics amenewo.
Sinthani zida, zowonjezera, ndi zolemba kuti muchepetse kusinthasintha.
Invest in reprocessing infrastructure and competence management.
Chitsanzo mtengo wonse wa umwini, osati mtengo wogula.
Limbikitsani mgwirizano wa OEM/ODM, monga ndi XBX, kuti mufanane ndi mayendedwe am'deralo.
Zipatala nthawi zambiri zimasankha XBX pofunafuna kujambula kosasintha, kuwongolera kwa ergonomic, kukonzanso kovomerezeka, ndi chithandizo chodalirika. Kusintha kwa OEM/ODM kumayanjanitsa zida za chipangizocho ndi zida zowonjezera ndi zokonda zamadipatimenti, pomwe mayendedwe ndi maphunziro amathandizira kuti ziziwonetsa nthawi komanso zabwino.
Kufalikira kwapadera kuti muchepetse kukhazikika kwamagawo osiyanasiyana.
Kujambula kumayenderana ndi kuzindikira zilonda ndi ntchito zotsata zida.
Ma IFU ovomerezeka kuti akonzenso ndi nsanja za AER wamba.
Maphunziro ndi njira zobwereketsa mwachangu zomwe zimathandizira kupitiliza chisamaliro.
Kukonzekera kwa moyo wanu kuti mukweze zithunzi zapamwamba komanso ma module a AI omwe akutuluka.
Endoscopy nangula opareshoni yocheperako pang'ono pophatikiza zowonera ndikuchitapo kanthu pazapadera. Ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kokhazikika, kukonzanso mwamphamvu, komanso kasamalidwe kabwino koyendetsedwa ndi deta, zipatala zimatha kukulitsa mwayi wopezeka, kuwongolera zotulukapo, ndikuwongolera ndalama. Opanga ngati XBX amapereka nsanja ndi ntchito zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zolingazi kudzera muzojambula, kapangidwe ka ergonomic, kusinthika kwa OEM/ODM, ndi chithandizo cha moyo wonse.
Makina ayenera kukhala ndi ISO 13485, CE/MDR kapena chilolezo cha FDA kuti awonetsetse kuti akutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pogwiritsira ntchito ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi kutanthauzira kwapamwamba, endoskopi imachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa minofu, imachepetsa magazi, ndipo imathandizira kuchira.
Odwala amakumana ndi mabala ang'onoang'ono, kuchepetsa kupweteka, kufupikitsa nthawi ya anesthesia, komanso kusonkhanitsa mwamsanga.
Inde. Kutumizidwa m'chipatala nthawi zambiri kumafunikira zonse ziwiri. Kukula kolimba kumagwirizana ndi laparoscopy ndi arthroscopy, pomwe mawonekedwe osinthika ndi ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito GI, pulmonary, ndi urology.
Yang'anani mayendedwe omangidwira omwe amatha kuperekera zida zochizira - mwachitsanzo, ma forceps a biopsy, ulusi wa laser wochotsa, ndi ntchito zothirira/zoyamwa kuti zithandizire kuchitapo kanthu munthawi yeniyeni.
Ubwino waukulu ndi kupwetekedwa kwa minofu yochepa, kuchepetsa kupweteka, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda, kuchira msanga, ndi zovuta zochepa zokhudzana ndi kumamatira-kugwirizanitsa ndi zofunikira zamakono zamakono.
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