Kodi Ma Endoscope Zachipatala Otayidwa Akusinthanso Mitundu Yogwiritsiridwanso Ntchito?

Dziwani momwe ma endoscopes azachipatala omwe amatayidwa akusinthira kuwongolera matenda, kutsika mtengo, komanso kukhazikika m'zipatala padziko lonse lapansi.

Bambo Zhou5002Nthawi yotulutsa: 2025-10-09Nthawi Yowonjezera: 2025-10-09

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

Ma endoscopes azachipatala omwe angathe kutayidwa akulongosolanso mawonekedwe apadziko lonse lapansi a matenda osautsa pang'ono. Zipatala padziko lonse lapansi zikuchulukirachulukira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha kuti achepetse kuopsa kwa matenda, kufewetsa kukonzanso kayendedwe ka ntchito, ndikugwirizana ndi malamulo atsopano okhudza chitetezo cha odwala. Komabe, ngakhale akukwera mwachangu, ma endoscopes ogwiritsidwanso ntchito amakhalabe ofunikira pa maopaleshoni ovuta omwe amafunikira kulondola kwambiri komanso kukhulupirika kwazithunzi. M'malo mosinthana, kusintha kwapano kukuyimira kusiyanasiyana kwaukadaulo wa endoscopic, wopangidwa ndi kuwongolera matenda, malingaliro azachuma, kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe, komanso ukadaulo wopitilira.
disposable medical endoscope in hospital setup

Kufotokozeranso machitidwe a Endoscopic: Kukwera kwa Mitundu Yotayika

Pazaka khumi zapitazi, ma endoscopes azachipatala otayika asintha kuchoka pazida zoyesera za niche kupita ku zida zodziwika bwino pa chisamaliro chovuta, pulmonology, ndi urology. Kuwonekera kwawo kumagwirizana ndi kukulirakulira kwa chidziwitso padziko lonse lapansi za matenda omwe amaperekedwa ku chipatala (HAIs) komanso kuyipitsa kwa biofilm mkati mwazomwe zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mliriwu udakulitsa kusinthaku: munthawi ya COVID-19, ma bronchoscopes otayika adakhala ofunikira pakuwongolera njira yoyendetsa ndege m'malo osamalira odwala kwambiri. Kuthamanga uku kudapitilira mliri wapambuyo pa mliri, ndikusintha mayankho osakhalitsa kukhala ma protocol okhazikika.

Mu 2025, ma endoscopes ogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi amawerengera pafupifupi 20% ya njira zonse zosinthika za endoscopy m'mayiko opeza ndalama zambiri, poyerekeza ndi zosachepera 5% mu 2018. Zipatala zimatchula zifukwa zambiri zovomerezeka: kuopsa kwa zero kuipitsidwa, kuchepetsa kutseketsa pamwamba, ndi kubweza mofulumira kwa njira. Pamakina akuluakulu azachipatala, zotayidwa zimapereka mphamvu zogwirira ntchito, makamaka komwe odwala amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo kukonzanso zolepheretsa kumachepetsa magwiridwe antchito.

Zitsanzo Zolerera M'chigawo

ChigawoMadalaivala OtengeraKugawana Kwamsika (2025 est.)
kumpoto kwa AmerikaMalamulo okhwima okhudzana ndi matenda, maunyolo amphamvu otayidwa30–35%
EuropeKuwongolera zachilengedwe moyenera ndi kupewa matenda25%
Asia-PacificKugula zinthu zotsika mtengo, kutengera pang'onopang'ono10–15%
Latin America & AfricaZomangamanga zochepa zoyendetsera zinyalalaPansi pa 10%

Ziwerengerozi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha sikokwanira koma kumangochitika zokha. Makina olemera amasintha mwachangu chifukwa champhamvu zowongolera matenda komanso nkhawa zamavuto, pomwe misika yomwe ikutukuka ikupitiliza kukomera machitidwe ogwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti azitha kuwononga ndalama.

Kupewa matenda ngati Strategic Imperative

Kusintha kulikonse kwaukadaulo muzamankhwala kumayamba ndi zovuta. Kusintha kwapadziko lonse kopita ku ma endoscopes otayidwa kudayamba pomwe miliri yambiri yamatenda idalumikizidwa ndi ma duodenoscopes osatsukidwanso bwino. Ngakhale makina apamwamba kwambiri okonzanso ndi zotsukira ma enzymatic, ma microchannel amkati nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsalira za organic ndi mabakiteriya. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi FDA adapeza kuti ngakhale mutatsuka bwino, mpaka 3% yazinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito zidapezeka kuti zili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chiwopsezo chosavomerezekachi chinayambitsa kuunikanso malingaliro achikhalidwe.

Ma endoscopes otayika amachotsa ulalo wofooka kwambiri: zolakwika zamunthu. Chida chilichonse chimafika chosabala, chosindikizidwa mufakitale, ndipo chakonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pa ndondomeko imodzi, imatayidwa. Palibe kukonzanso, palibe zipika zotsata, palibe chiopsezo choyipitsidwa ndi odwala. Zipatala zomwe zimatengera zotayidwa zanena kuti kuchuluka kwa HAI kwatsika kwambiri makamaka m'machitidwe a bronchial ndi mkodzo pomwe chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi chachikulu.
disposable bronchoscope for ICU airway management

Nkhani Yophunzira: ICU Airway Management

M'nthawi ya COVID-19, zipatala zambiri zidalowa m'malo mwa ma bronchoscopes omwe amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndikuyika zotayidwa kuti ziteteze ogwira ntchito ndi odwala. Ku Chipatala cha University of Birmingham, kugwiritsa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda opatsirana ndi 80% ndikulola kusintha kwanthawi yayitali. Ogwira ntchito adanenanso za kuchepa kwa nkhawa komanso kufulumira kwa ntchito. Ngakhale ziletso za mliri zitachotsedwa, chipatalacho chinapitilizabe kutengera ana ena monga njira yopewera matenda, kuwonetsa momwe kufunikira kwakanthawi kudasinthiratu.

Zowona Zachuma: Mtengo Siwomwe Umawonekera

Poyang'ana koyamba, ma endoscope ogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi amawoneka okwera mtengo. Kuthekera kogwiritsidwanso ntchito kumawononga pafupifupi USD 40,000 ndipo kumatha zaka zingapo, pomwe gawo lotha kutayika limawononga pakati pa USD 250–600 panjira iliyonse. Komabe, kufananitsa kwachindunji ndikosokeretsa popanda kuganizira mtengo wathunthu wa umwini, kuphatikiza kukonza, kukonzanso ntchito, zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kutsika kwa zida, komanso chiwopsezo chalamulo kuchokera kuzochitika zamatenda.

Kufananiza Mtengo Kapangidwe

Mtengo FactorReusable EndoscopeEndoscope yotayika
Investment YoyambaChapamwamba (USD 25,000–45,000)Palibe
Reprocessing pa ntchitoUSD 150-3000
Kukonza / KukonzaUSD 5,000–8,000 pachaka0
Infection Liability RiskWapakati mpaka pamwambaZochepa
Mtengo wa Ndondomeko (Zokwanira)USD 200-400USD 250-600

Zipatala zikakhala ndi njira zosinthira mtengo, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zingatayike nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa "mtengo wotsikirapo wotengera matenda." Zipatala zing'onozing'ono zimapindula kwambiri-popanda madipatimenti akuluakulu okonzanso, amapewa zowononga zowononga ndalama komanso nthawi yochepa. M'zipatala zamaphunziro apamwamba, machitidwe osakanizidwa amakhalapo: zotayidwa zimasungidwa pachiwopsezo chachikulu, pomwe zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimagwira ntchito mwachizolowezi kapena mwapadera.

Zopindulitsa Zachuma Zachindunji

  • Kuchita bwino m'chipinda chogwirira ntchito chifukwa cha nthawi yoyeretsa zero.

  • Kuchepetsa malipiro a inshuwaransi potsatira njira zowonetsetsa kuti athane ndi matenda.

  • Kuchepetsa kulemedwa kwa ogwira ntchito komanso nthawi yophunzitsira yokonzanso ma protocol.

  • Kukonzekera kwa bajeti pazochitika zilizonse kumapangitsa kuti nthawi yogula zinthu ikhale yosavuta.

Kwa oyang'anira, kusinthaku kumasinthanso ma endoscope azachipatala otayika osati ngati zinthu zodyedwa koma ngati zida zandalama zomwe zimakulitsa chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito. Zipatala zomwe zimawerengera mtengo wawo wobisalira zobisika nthawi zambiri zimapeza kuti zida zogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi zimapereka mtengo wabwinoko kuposa momwe amaganizira kale.

Zotsatira Zachilengedwe ndi Kuyankha Kwamakampani

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotayidwa kumayambitsa kusinthanitsa kwachilengedwe. Endoscope yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi imakhala ndi nyumba zapulasitiki, zowonera zamagetsi, ndi masensa amagetsi -zigawo zomwe sizingabwezedwenso mosavuta. Anthu masauzande ambiri akatayidwa mwezi uliwonse, otsutsa zachilengedwe amakayikira ngati kutetezedwa kwa matenda kumayenderana ndi mtengo wachilengedwe. Machitidwe a zaumoyo, akukakamizidwa ndi machitidwe okhazikika monga EU Green Deal, tsopano akufuna moyo wobiriwira.
recycling disposable medical endoscope materials

Kupanga Zinthu Zatsopano ndi Mayankho Ozungulira

Opanga akugulitsa ma polima owonongeka ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zitha kubwezeretsedwanso kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Ena, kuphatikiza XBX, ayambitsa mapulogalamu obwezeretsa omwe amagawa magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zachitsulo ndi pulasitiki. M'mapulogalamu oyesa, mpaka 60% ya zida zomwe sizinaipitsidwe zidabwezedwa bwino ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu omwe siachipatala. Zipatala zikuyesanso "njira zogulira zobiriwira," zomwe zimafuna kuti ogulitsa azipereka ziphaso zokhazikika pamodzi ndi ISO ndi zikalata zotsatiridwa ndi CE.

Udindo wa chilengedwe ukukhala mwayi wampikisano. M'matenda ku Europe konse, zipatala zimakondera kwambiri ogulitsa omwe ali ndi njira zopangira ma eco-design. Izi zikukonzanso msika: m'badwo wotsatira wa ma endoscopes otayidwa mwina sangakhalenso otayidwa koma "ozungulira," kuphatikiza zogwirira ntchito zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndi magawo osinthika. Kusinthaku kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi 70%, ndikuwongolera kuwongolera matenda komanso kuyang'anira zachilengedwe.

Chisinthiko Chatekinoloje: Kutsekereza Ubwino wa Zithunzi ndi Kusuntha

Ma endoscopes akale kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi ankaonedwa ngati zoloŵa m’malo zotsika—zithunzi zotumbululuka, kamvekedwe kochepa, ndi kusaunikira bwino. Zipangizo zamakono zimafotokoza nkhani yosiyana. Kupita patsogolo kwa masensa a CMOS ndi miniaturization ya LED kwatseka kusiyana kwakukulu. Mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri omwe amatha kutaya tsopano amapereka 1080p kapena ngakhale 4K kujambula, njira zotsutsana zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu gastroenterology kapena ENT.

Kuphatikiza ndi Digital Ecosystems

  • Kutumiza kwazithunzi zenizeni kudzera pa Wi-Fi kapena USB-C.

  • Kusungidwa kwachindunji muzinthu zachipatala za PACS.

  • Kugwirizana ndi ma AI-based lesion algorithms.

  • Inboard data encryption kuonetsetsa zachinsinsi za odwala.

Opanga ngati XBX alandira njira yophatikizira digito iyi popereka nsanja zofananira: purosesa yojambula yomwe imatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito yophatikizidwa ndi zomata zotayidwa. Zotsatira zake ndizochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse komanso kukhulupirika kwazithunzi. Madokotala amafotokoza kuti machitidwe otere amaphatikiza zodziwika bwino zamakhalidwe azikhalidwe ndi maubwino osagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi.

AI ndi Automation mu Endoscopy

Luntha lochita kupanga likutuluka ngati malire otsatira. Miyeso yotayika yokhala ndi ma module ophatikizika a AI imatha kuzindikira zolakwika, kutsatira ma metrics, ndi malipoti odzipangira okha. Malusowa amasintha chipangizo chotayirapo kuchokera ku chida chosavuta kukhala chida chowunikira chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi data. Zipatala zogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi AI zawonetsa kuchepa kwa nthawi yolemba mpaka 40%, kumasula asing'anga kuti ayang'ane pa kuyanjana kwa odwala. M'kupita kwa nthawi, matekinolojewa amatha kukonzanso osati kuwongolera matenda komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwachipatala.

Malingaliro Ogwira Ntchito: Kuvomerezeka Kwachipatala ndi Zinthu Zaumunthu

Kusintha kuchokera ku ma endoscopes ogwiritsidwanso ntchito kupita ku zotayidwa kumadalira kwambiri chidaliro cha achipatala. Madokotala odziwa bwino maopaleshoni amakulitsa kukumbukira kwamphamvu kogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe obwereza - kugawa kulemera, kuyankha kwa torque, ndi kumveka bwino. Zida zoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi zinkakhala zachilendo, zopepuka, komanso zosakhazikika. Opanga athana ndi zovuta za ergonomic izi poyeretsa kuuma kwa zinthu ndikuwongolera mayankho a kagwiridwe. Zowonjezereka zaposachedwa za XBX, mwachitsanzo, zimatsanzira mphamvu zowongolera zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi yosinthira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito odziwa imakhala yochepa.

M'maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito m'zipatala 12, madokotala opitilira 80% adavotera zinthu zamakono zotayidwa ngati "zofanana ndi zamankhwala" pantchito zowunikira. Komabe, ambiri amavomereza kuti zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimasunga zabwino munjira zamankhwala zapamwamba zomwe zimafuna njira zingapo zowonjezera kapena kuyamwa mosalekeza. Kusiyanitsa kuli kodziwikiratu: zotayidwa zimapambana pakupezeka ndi chitetezo, pomwe zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimalamulira movutikira. Ubale wowonjezerawu umatanthawuza zenizeni zenizeni za endoscopy zamakono.

Policy, Regulation, and Procurement Evolution

Zoyang'anira zoyendetsera tsopano zikulimbitsa mphamvu ya matekinoloje otayidwa. Upangiri wa FDA umalimbikitsa kusintha kogwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kapena kutayika pang'ono potengera zomwe zachitika mobwerezabwereza. Ku European Union, MDR (Medical Device Regulation) imakakamiza kutsatira mosamalitsa zida zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndikukondera zotayika chifukwa chosavuta kutsatira. Ku Asia, maboma amalimbikitsa kupanga zida zongogwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha kuti achepetse kudalira zida zobweranso kuchokera kunja.

Njira Zogulira Zipatala

  • Njira zogulira zotengera zoopsa zomwe zikuphatikiza kuthekera kwa matenda ndi mtengo wachilengedwe.

  • Kuwunika kwa ogulitsa kuphatikiza ISO 13485, CE, chilolezo cha FDA, ndi makadi okhazikika.

  • Kasamalidwe ka ma Hybrid fleet-machitidwe oyambira osinthika okhala ndi ma module otayika.

  • Zosankha za OEM zopangira chizindikiro komanso kulimba mtima kwachigawo.

Oyang'anira zipatala amawona kwambiri kugula kwa endoscopy ngati njira yopezera ndalama m'malo mogula zida zachizoloŵezi. Ambiri amatenga makontrakitala apawiri: wopereka m'modzi wamakina ogwiritsiridwanso ntchito ndi winanso wazinthu zotayidwa. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumalimbitsa mphamvu zogulira zinthu komanso kumachepetsa kudalira wopanga m'modzi. Munkhaniyi, makampani ngati XBX amapeza mpikisano kudzera mu kusinthasintha kwa OEM komanso kutsimikizika kokhazikika.

Ndemanga Zaukatswiri ndi Malingaliro Amakampani

Dr. Lin Chen, katswiri wa miliri pachipatala ku Singapore, akufotokoza mwachidule za kusinthaku kuti: “Makina otayidwa otayidwa sakulowa m’malo mwa zogwiritsidwanso ntchito; Ndemangayi ikuwonetsa zomwe zimaperekedwa m'maganizo-chitsimikizo chonse cha kusabereka. Magulu oteteza matenda amawakumbatira osati chifukwa ndi otsika mtengo kapena apamwamba kwambiri koma chifukwa amachotsa kusinthika kwa zolakwika za anthu.

Atsogoleri amakampani amavomereza malingaliro awa. Ofufuza ochokera ku Frost & Sullivan akuneneratu kuti pofika chaka cha 2032, osachepera 40% a zipatala padziko lonse lapansi adzagwiritsa ntchito makina osakanikirana a endoscopy. Hybridization, osati kusintha, kumatanthawuza njira yamtsogolo. Zachipatala zikuphunzira kulinganiza luso lazopangapanga, zachuma, ndi zachilengedwe panthaŵi imodzi—utatu umene umafuna zonse zatsopano ndi kudziletsa.

Global Supply Chain and Manufacturing Dynamics

Msika wa endoscope wotayika wasinthanso zinthu zopanga zinthu. Poyerekeza ndi zogwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zimadalira ma optics olondola ndi kusonkhana kovutirapo, ma scopes omwe amatha kutaya amatha kupangidwa mochuluka ndi zida zoumbidwa ndi jakisoni komanso zozungulira zosindikizidwa. scalability Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kusinthasintha perekani, kuthandizira mapangano OEM padziko lonse.

China yatulukira ngati malo opangira ma endoscope omwe amatha kutaya, motsogozedwa ndi makampani ngati XBX omwe amaphatikiza malo ovomerezeka a ISO13485 ndi maukonde ogawa padziko lonse lapansi. Europe ikadali likulu laukadaulo waukadaulo, pomwe North America imayendetsa zowongolera ndi kuphatikiza kwa AI. Kugwirizana kwapakati pakati pa mapangidwe, kutsata, ndi kupanga kumafulumizitsa zonse zabwino komanso liwiro la kutengera.

OEM ndi ODM Trends

  • Zipatala zomwe zimapempha kuti zitheke kuti zigwirizane ndi zogula.

  • Ogawa zigawo kupanga mabizinesi ogwirizana ndi ma OEM kuti azitha kukhazikika.

  • Opanga omwe amapereka chithandizo chakumapeto-kuchokera ku mapangidwe a nkhungu mpaka kusungitsa malamulo.

  • Makina owerengetsera a digito omwe amalumikiza ma ID amagulu ndi zipika zotsekera.

Kusinthasintha kwa OEM/ODM kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zotayidwa zikhale zokopa makamaka kumayendedwe azachipatala omwe akubwera. M'malo moitanitsa zitsanzo zamtengo wapatali zogwiritsidwanso ntchito, zipatala zimatha kupeza zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'deralo zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse, kufulumizitsa kupezeka ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo m'madera omwe akutukuka.

Kuneneratu Zam'tsogolo: Kuphatikizana Pakulowa M'malo

Mayendedwe anthawi yayitali amakampani a endoscopy siawiri. Ma endoscopes azachipatala otayidwa sangachotse zogwiritsidwanso ntchito; m'malo, zonse zidzasintha mu symbiosis. Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, kusiyanitsa pakati pawo kudzasokonekera - zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimakhala zosavuta kuzichotsa, komanso zotayidwa zokhazikika komanso zogwira ntchito kwambiri. Zipatala zidzatengera kwambiri ndondomeko za "zoyenera-zolinga": kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha pazochitika zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka nthawi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zamtengo wapatali, zodalirika.

Pofika 2035, akatswiri amaneneratu zamoyo wa magawo atatu:

  • Mulingo Wotayika Kwambiri: Zosavuta zowunikira, magawo osunthika a ICU ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwadzidzidzi.

  • Hybrid Tier: Zida zama modular zokhala ndi ma cores ogwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso zida zotayidwa.

  • Reusable Premium Tier: Makina apamwamba kwambiri opangira maopaleshoni apamwamba.

Mtundu wosanjikiza uwu umatsimikizira zonse zogwira mtima komanso zokhazikika. Kupambana kwa kuphatikizaku kudzadalira kutsata malamulo, kuwonekera kwa opanga, ndikupitiliza luso lazinthu zachilengedwe ndi makina a digito. Muzochitika zilizonse, endoscope yachipatala yotayidwa imakhala ngati chizindikiro komanso chothandizira tsogolo lachipatala lotetezeka, lanzeru komanso losinthika.

Pomaliza, zotayika sizinalowe m'malo mwa zogwiritsidwanso ntchito - zafotokozeranso zomwe zipatala zimayembekezera kuchokera ku chitetezo, kusinthasintha, ndi udindo. Tsogolo la endoscopy silikhala pa kusankha ukadaulo umodzi kuposa wina koma kugwirizanitsa zonse pansi pa kudzipereka kogawana pachitetezo cha odwala komanso kupita patsogolo kokhazikika.

FAQ

  1. Chifukwa chiyani ma endoscopes azachipatala otayika akutchuka m'zipatala?

    Ma endoscope azachipatala omwe amatha kutaya amachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda pochotsa kufunika kokonzanso. Zipatala zimawasankha ku ICU, bronchoscopy, ndi urology pomwe kubereka ndikofunikira. Mitundu ngati XBX imapereka njira zogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi zomwe zimayenderana ndi chitetezo, mtundu wazithunzi, komanso kudalirika kwamitengo.

  2. Kodi ma endoscopes otayika okwera mtengo kuposa omwe amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito?

    Pogwiritsidwa ntchito, zotayidwa zimatha kuwoneka zotsika mtengo, koma zimapulumutsa ndalama popewa ntchito yolera, kukonza, ndi mangawa okhudzana ndi matenda. Kafukufuku wazachuma akuwonetsa ndalama zofananirako ndalama zobisika zokonzanso zikaphatikizidwa.

  3. Kodi ma endoscopes a XBX otayika amasiyana bwanji ndi mitundu yogwiritsidwanso ntchito?

    Ma endoscopes a XBX osagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi amaphatikiza masensa a HD CMOS ndi kapangidwe ka ergonomic control, kupereka zithunzi zomveka bwino popanda kuyeretsa. Amapereka kusamutsa kwa data opanda zingwe ndikukwaniritsa miyezo ya CE ndi FDA, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino pazipatala zothamanga kwambiri.

  4. Kodi ma endoscopes omwe amatha kutaya m'malo mwake amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito?

    Zokayikitsa. Msika ukupita ku machitidwe osakanizidwa - ma cores omwe amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito okhala ndi ma distal end. Njirayi ikuphatikiza kulondola kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha matenda. Machitidwe ogwiritsiridwa ntchito adzakhalabe ofunikira pa maopaleshoni ovuta, pamene zotayidwa ndizo zimayang'anira kufufuza kwachizolowezi.

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